Chapter 2 Test Review Essays

Part 2 Test Review Essays Part 2 Test Review Paper Part 2 Test Review Paper Exposition Topic: Writing Valid Periodicals and the novel turned out to be increasingly famous as the more remarkable working class started to peruse. T/F Valid Milton was detained in view of his past situation in the Commonwealth. T/F f The Puritans felt that the Anglican Church had adequately improved. t/f f James I was reestablished to the seat in 1660. t/f f At the point when open land was encased for private homes, the majority of the country poor were permitted to remain. t/f f Oliver Goldsmith composed a memoir of Samuel Johnson. t/f' Valid In The Deserted Village, Goldsmith applauds the nostalgic town evangelist. f Oliver Goldsmith accepted that one can never be excessively rich. f Samuel Johnson composed periodical expositions in just a single paper. wistful tone in The Deserted Village Tory Quick, Johnson, and Goldsmiths ideological group parody mocking something so as to address conduct work a sonnet with fourteen lines, either Italian or English purposeful anecdote a story where things speak to parts of a tenet or topic gallant couplet comprises of two rhyming lines of refrain with five versifying feet incongruity giving the presence of saying a certain something while at the same time meaning something different similar sounding word usage redundancy of beginning consonants a solid white collar class What one outcome did the Commonwealth and the Industrial Revolution produce? the Tory government,the cheapening of Irish coins, the starvation in Ireland Quick composed for these causes.. the regular man, to instruct and satisfy him Samuel Johnson accepted that writing should bid for the most part to A Dictionary of the English Language, he Lives of the English Poets, Rasselas Samuel Johnson published Oliver Goldsmith was a monetarily poor periodical writer, author, and producer Goldsmith composed a novel entitled The Vicar of Wakefield, about a parsons family.

What is Katniss's greatest character flaw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Katniss' most noteworthy character defect - Essay Example The principle character of the book is Katniss Everdeen, Living an existence of wretchedness under the feet of the legislative hall Katniss and her family is denied of each and every delight of life by the harsh guideline of the administration who at that point ventures forward to change the framework as it is presently and reestablish joy and nobility of the poor in the general public. Katniss has been depicted as a wise, autonomous, and brave multi year old young lady in the book. In any case, there is another side to Katniss which somewhat imperfections her character and contorts her picture depicted in the whole book. Presumably the character of Katniss is intriguing and the best part is the association it flashes with the perusers. In any case, it is marginally imperfect as she needs one of the significant trademark that is profound quality in her character. The facts demonstrate that she confronted incalculable difficulties and hardships throughout her life which accordingly made her into a more grounded individual, yet at the same time it isn't supported for her to be concerned uniquely about her own objectives by placing others life at serious risk. By looking at the book one can separate out that Katniss was a young lady who was profoundly connected to just 1 or 2 individuals throughout her life. She was sincerely shut to other people; subsequently the entirety of her feelings were focused on those two most notable individuals throughout her life. She thinks just about her thought processes notwithstanding the way that not at all like her not every person was playing the game with a similar r ationale and had an aim of winning just yet there were a few different reasons also. She plainly needed good grounds and her activities were not advocated. It would be a disrespect to the word saint in the event that somebody says that she had the components and characteristics of a legend. Despite the fact that, her initial life was spoiled with agonies and abuse which made her be the individual she has become now however her activities are as yet not supported. She can be called as an individual who battled to spare her

How to Build a College List a Checklist TKG

How to Build a College List a Checklist Building your college list can be an overwhelming and somewhat daunting task. When we construct our college lists with our students, we make sure that the list is balanced in terms of the likelihood of application review (sorry if this is “way harsh, Tai,” but applying to Yale on a whim with a 26 ACT score “just because,” is probably a waste of time and money), but consistent in terms of fit. What do we mean when we say “fit?” We mean that we want you applying to schools that are all of the following: cultural, academic, and social fit. Here’s a checklist to methodically take you through how to make sure that your college list is built-out correctly. Visit as many schools as possible.Why? Because data. The more schools you visit, the more we know about what you like and what you don’t like. And you can find schools that are similar to those schools. Particularly reach schools. We’ve published lists of schools that are similar to each and every Ivy League school (and some others). We know it’s not hard to fall in love with any of the Ivies, so consider taking a look at these lists when you’re building out the rest of your list so you have a similar “vibe” across schools.Write everything down.Creating a spreadsheet or taking notes in a journal will help you keep your thoughts organized and, more importantly, easy to reflect back on. It’s hard to remember your exact thoughts about Haverford when you’re editing your college list down in August before your senior year when you visited over winter break of junior year. Being able to flip back to your Haverford page or “Notes/Thoughts” cell on your spreadsheet helps. Start long and plan to eliminate.It’s always easier to edit down that it is to add on. So start with a broad list of schools you’d be excited about. Really ask yourself if this school is one that you’d attend if it was the only school you got into. Do this with each school on the list. If the answer is that you’d rather take a year off and reapply than to attend, it’s time to find a replacement school where you’d actually be happy. Okay, now that you have between 15-20 schools, let’s start to edit down, first by putting things into your categories: Reach, Target, and Safety. One great way by which to categorize schools is to log onto their websites and figure out their median ACT or SAT scores. Why is this more useful than averages? Because averages are easily skewed. Medians tell you the central 50% range of test scores of their admitted applicants. If your test scores are smack dab in the middle of their median, it’s a Target school. If your scores are near the upward limit or above, it’s likely a Safety, and if you’re not in range or on the much lower end of their median, then it’s a Reach. Check your list for exceptions this categorization process. There are some schools that NO. MATTER. WHAT. are going to be a reach. These are schools that get the highest # of applicatio ns each year and even if you got a 36 on your ACT are going to be a reach because of sheer #s and odds. The odds are not on your side, and the following schools are always (yes, always, always, always) going to be in the “reach” category. Even if you’ve discovered a probiotic-fed microbe that safely eats only cancer cells and infuses healthy cells with endorphins AND you’re a first-generation college student, it’s a reach:HarvardStanfordYaleBrownCornellColumbiaDartmouthPennMITPrincetonDuke GeorgetownPomonaUC Berkeley USCJohns HopkinsTufts NorthwesternSee where you need more, and where you need to edit. You should aim to have 3-4 schools in each category. Balance is the key here. Cross of schools that don’t pass the “Would I go here if this was the only school I got into?” test, and take note of where your list is insufficient (oftentimes this occurs in the Target and Safety categories). Build out your sparser categories. You can do this a few different ways:Expand your horizons by looking at our website of many lists for various majors. We have a list of schools all over the country that are great for everything from computer science, psychology, dance, and Africana studies, to classics and government/political science.Visit a couple more schools that you may have discounted, or at least take a virtual tour on the website. Finding a school where you’re able to study what you love and be inspired should not be discounted. It might not be at a school you had ever imagined you’d apply to, but you might be surprised by what you find once you spend an hour doing some dedicated web-research. Talk to your community! Friends and family (perhaps who are in colleges you weren’t considering), parents, or other important mentors might have some good ideas for you. Don’t overlook the wisdom of people who know you well and who might be able to share their experiences, guidance, or suggestions. Help is good. Refine your list as you go on! Again, you want 8-12 schools, 3-4 in each category.Your list is never unchangeable. It’s your list. You can alter it as you go along. What you don’t want is to apply to too few schools (risky!) or to too many (exhausting! Diminishing ROI when you’re writing your 23rd supplement and misspell something and forget to replace “UChicago” with “Bowdoin” and hit submit and feel really dumb). As you know, we do this for a living, so, if you need help just email or call us and we’d be happy to offer our guidance through this process.

The Role of T Cells in the Body

T cells are a type of white blood cell known as a lymphocyte. Lymphocytes protect the body against cancerous cells and cells that have become infected by pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. T cell lymphocytes develop from stem cells in bone marrow. These immature T cells migrate to the thymus via the blood. The thymus is a lymphatic system gland that functions mainly to promote the development of mature T cells. In fact, the T in T cell lymphocyte stands for thymus derived. T cell lymphocytes are necessary for cell mediated immunity, which is an immune response that involves the activation of immune cells to fight infection. T cells function to actively destroy infected cells, as well as to signal other immune cells to participate in the immune response. Key Takeaways: T Cells T cells are lymphocyte immune cells that protect the body from pathogens and cancer cells.T cells originate from bone marrow and mature in the thymus. They are important for cell mediated immunity and the activation of immune cells to fight infection.Cytotoxic T cells actively destroy infected cells through the use of granule sacs that contain digestive enzymes.Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and stimulate antibody production by B cell lymphocytes.Regulatory T cells suppress the actions of B and T cells to decrease the immune response when a highly active response is no longer warranted.Natural Killer T cells distinguish infected or cancerous cells from normal body cells and attack cells that do not contain molecular markers that identify them as body cells. Memory T cells protect against previously encountered antigens and may provide lifetime protection against some pathogens. T Cell Types T cells are one of three main types of lymphocytes. The other types include B cells and natural killer cells. T cell lymphocytes are different from B cells and natural killer cells in that they have a protein called a T-cell receptor that populates their cell membrane. T-cell receptors are capable of recognizing various types of specific antigens (substances that provoke an immune response). Unlike B cells, T cells do not utilize antibodies to fight germs. This is a colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of resting T lymphocytes from a human blood sample. Steve Gschmeissner / Science Photo Library / Getty Images There are several types of T cell lymphocytes, each with specific functions in the immune system. Common T cell types include: Cytotoxic T cells (also called CD8 T cells)  - are involved in the direct destruction of cells that have become cancerous or are infected by a pathogen. Cytotoxic T cells contain granules (sacs containing digestive enzymes or other chemical substances) that they utilize to cause the target cell to burst open in a process called apoptosis. These T cells are also the cause of transplant organ rejection. The T cells attack the foreign organ tissue as the transplant organ is identified as infected tissue.Helper T cells  (also called CD4 T cells)  - precipitate the production of antibodies by B cells and also produce substances that activate cytotoxic T cells and white blood cells known as macrophages. CD4 cells are targeted by HIV. HIV infects helper T cells and destroys them by triggering signals that result in T cell death.Regulatory T cells  (also called suppressor T cells) - suppress the response of B cells and other T cells to antigens. This suppression is needed so that an immune response does not continue once it is no longer needed. Defects in regulatory T cells can lead to the development of an autoimmune disease. In this type of disease, immune cells attack the bodys own tissue.Natural Killer T (NKT) cells - have a similar name as a different type of lymphocyte called a natural killer cell. NKT cells are T cells and not natural killer cells. NKT cells have properties of both T cells and natural killer cells. Like all T cells, NKT cells have T-cell receptors. However, NKT cells also share several surface cell markers in common with natural killer cells. As such, NKT cells distinguish infected or cancerous cells from normal body cells and attack cells that do not contain molecular markers that identify them as body cells. One type of NKT cell known as an invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell, protects the body against obesity by regulating inflammation in adipose tissue.Memory T cells  - help the immune system to recognize previously encountered antigens and respond to them more quickly and for a longer period of time. Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells can become memory T cells. Memory T cells are stored in the lymph nodes and spleen and may provide lifetime protection against a specific antigen in some cases. T Cell Activation T-cells regulate immune responses, release the perforin and granzymes, and attack infected or cancerous cells. ttsz / iStock / Getty Images Plus T cells are activated by signals from antigens they encounter. Antigen-presenting white blood cells, such as macrophages, engulf and digest antigens. Antigen-presenting cells capture molecular information about the antigen and attach it to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule. The MHC molecule is then transported to the cell membrane and presented on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell. Any T cell that recognizes the specific antigen will bind to the antigen-presenting cell via its T-cell receptor. Once the T-cell receptor binds to the MHC molecule, the antigen-presenting cell secretes cell signaling proteins called cytokines. Cytokines signal the T cell to destroy the specific antigen, thus activating the T cell. The activated T cell multiplies and differentiates into helper T cells. Helper T cells initiate the production of cytotoxic T cells, B cells, macrophages, and other immune cells to terminate the antigen.

Object Relational Mapping Tool For Java - 1805 Words

Abstract Object Relational mapping tool (ORM) is the tool to simplify the creation of data access layers, automate data access, or generate data access code. Hibernate is one the best ORM tools that are being used for developing various applications. It can also be used to develop Standalone applications. It enables Developers to write applications easily whose data outlives the application process. It is popular open source object relational mapping tool providing powerful, ultra-high performance object/relational persistence and query service for Java. Hibernate lets you develop persistent classes following common Java idiom - including association, inheritance, polymorphism, composition and the Java collections framework also allows you to express queries using native SQL or Java-based Criteria and Example queries. It is the most popular object/relational mapping solution used for Java. Table of Contents Abstract 1 1. Objective Introduction 2 2. What is Hibernate? 2 Features 3 3. Architecture 4 4. Hibernate v/s Java 7 Disadvantages of JDBC 7 Advantages of Hibernate 7 Disadvantages of Hibernate 7 Alternate Technologies 8 5. Business Values and Roadmap 8 Business Value of Hibernate 8 Roadmap / Future Developments 8 6. References 9 1. Objective Introduction ORM or O/R Mapping is a computer science programming technique for converting data between incompatible type systems in object-oriented programming languages. Example: Suppose you have an EmployeeShow MoreRelatedConcept Of Hibernate Objectrelationalmapping ( Orm ) Tool And How Hibernate1473 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper explains the concept of Hibernate ObjectRelationalMapping(ORM) tool and how hibernate can be used to simplify the development of Java/J2EE application to interact with the database. The purpose of any ObjectRelationalMapping tool is to simplify the data creation, data manipulation and data access for an object in accordance with the relational database. Several ORM tools were introduced in the market over years and one of the most extensively used in the today’s market is HibernateRead MoreThe Locality Guide System Website Essay2019 Words   |  9 PagesOur main object is to make Shop Online and Search available Shops Local area. ïÆ'Ëœ So, They can more selling and marketing. Any user can Buy a Product on Click and Search his/her area Shops on Click. 1.3 SCOPE The Website is useful for Local Area Guide. This Website provides facility for to store the shops record so that available Items can see that any time. The Website will be very easy to use even for the Customer who is novice user to computer. 1.4 TECHNOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW ïÆ'Ëœ JAVA ïÆ'Ëœ HIBERNATERead MoreUndertaking Of Originality Of Work1226 Words   |  5 PagesDesign Methodology 07 1.4 Material / Tools required 09 2. Empathy Canvas 10 3. Ideation Canvas 12 4. Product Development Canvas 13 5. AEIOU Summary Canvas 15 6. Diagrams 20 7. References 19 1. 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The Great Depression Hit America - 1614 Words

In the 1930s, The Great Depression hit America forcing many workers to move from state to state to get a job. They were striving for the American Dream that it was popular in that period of time, but it figured out to be a disappointed, which suggests that freedom and security cannot be found in this world. Correspondingly, it was a hierarchical society and status was mostly dependent on gender and race. Hence, women’s roles were inferior to the men’s because they couldn’t help financially, and they were merely seen as possessions to adorn them. The novella is a microcosm of the society. It has all the characters of each stage of the social ladder. At the bottom end there’s the character Crooks who’s discriminated because of his colour. Next there are the women, for instance Curley’s wife, who’s name is not even mentioned in the book, she’s referred as a possession, in this case to her husband. As a woman she has no value in the society and therefore she is not allowed to pursue her dreams. People are also wrongly judged by what they could offer economically to society, such as Candy who is treated inadequately because he’s elderly and Lennie who is simple minded and behaves childishly, that mostly depends on George, who gets him out of trouble. George being a loyal and closest friend and by keeping his promise to Aunt Clara patiently takes care of him. As can be expected the boss’s son who is a white is the only one ‘worthy’ to be in command. These separations makeShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression 1051 Words   |  5 Pagesother periods of depression, it has always been possible to see some things which were solid and upon which were solid and upon which you could base hope, but as I look about, I now see nothing to give ground to hope- nothing of man† and to some extent it was true. Americans lost all hope in life entering a deep dark tunnel with no light in the end. 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Analysis and Evaluation of the Case Study †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation of the Case Study? Answer: Introduction This report outlines analysis and evaluation of the case study, which is based on the aircraft company No name which need to focus on the culture, diversity management, training and the performance of the employees in the company. The case study reveals that the company has a very poor culture and difficult for the company to manage the diversity at a workplace. The training and development of the employees incur a cost to the company. This report will explain the many theories and concepts related to the organizational HRM, culture, Diversity management, performance management and the training and development of the employees, The employee satisfaction in the aircraft company is very important for the growth as they are the one who are responsible for the successful implementation of the activities in the organization(Nationals specification in Aviation Operations, 2012). However, for the companies it is a very difficult task to retain its employees for the longer period of time. In this report, all the theories related to human resource and the concepts of the performance management are explained in detail. The purpose of this report is to critically evaluate the case study based on the No Name aircraft company. The company is not performing well in all the aspects because of the poor workforce planning. There are some of the suggestions are also given in this report for the successful growth of the organization. Organizational HRM The organizational HRM depicts the organizational culture of the No name Company and as we study in the case study, there was a communication gap between the superiors and juniors. The organizational culture involves the hierarchy of the employees from line managers to lower level employees(Yangon, 2016). The communication between these employees is very important to deliver the quality product to its customers. Employees are the most important source in an organization and it is very important to keep them happy because if they are happy they will work with more enthusiasm and produce better results. Line Managers in No Name aircraft company keep on searching for strategies by which they can create a congenial environment in an organization because a positive environment has a very positive impact on employees and the outcome is improved. As in the above diagram, it has been shown that the cultural environment should be stable, people and outcome oriented, innovative and team oriented. The culture of the workplace should be improved by the aircraft companies to keep the employees free from stress and to deliver the best quality to its customers. A happy environment at job should be created to maximize the output of employees. The line managers in the No name company should understand what will help the employees to give their best output(Patton, 2015). Job enlargement is the strategy to increase the duties of the employees . However, there may be a possibility that the employees start leaving the organization because of the workload and it is very significant to retain them for the longer period of time. The no craft aircraft company may suffer into losses, if the employees left the organization, as the company spend a lot of money on the training of these employees. Thus, there should be a proper balance between the job enlargement and the retention of the employees. It is important to delegate the desired authority as well with the responsibility of the work because it will be an easy task to take the decisions. Moreover, the authority should be limited so that the employees will not able to take benefits of that authority. It is very important that employees should inform the line managers of the No Name aircraft company about the decisions taken by them. This will result into the productivity of the organization. However , that balance is important between the delegation of the authority and the accountability. (Green, et al., 2002).HR planning of No Name company includes brand image, training and development and performance management etc. and this planning is very important for line managers in the aircraft company to add value to the growth of the No Name Diversity Program The case study is based on the Australian workforce planning. It is very important for the companies like No name aircraft to launch the diversity programs at their organization to deal with the issues and problems of the employees. Nowadays, the companies hired a personnel to handle the diversity program in the organizations and the companies have no problem in paying them more because these programs help with the productivity and the success of the aircraft companies. The companies focus on the talents and skills that the employees have without putting concern about their background and culture they came from. (European Union, 2014). The organizations like No Name aircraft companies believe in the fact that people coming from different places have the different ideas and strategies in their minds and the companies can make a proper utilization of their ideas. The different type of ideas and the innovative plans are helpful for the working of the organization. In the No name aircraft company also, there are the employees who came from the different places and work in the company for the betterment of the organization. It is very necessary to respect their ideas, thoughts, of the people coming from different places. The big companies need to ready with the new innovative ideas to build a good image in front of the public. The companies should promote the young talent that will come up with new ideas to deal with the problems at the workplace like the safety of the customers as well as the quality of material used in the aircrafts etc. The diversity at the workplace also helps to provide the best solutions for the d elivery of the quality services to the customers. Moreover, while introducing the diversity programs at the workplace, it creates many problems also. The biggest problem is the rising of the insecurities among the employees of the No name aircraft company and these are rising continuously. Looking into the previous times, there are the companies who will not give attention to its employees having different backgrounds and they usually ignore by the companies and the employees start thinking various negative things in their minds(US Department of Commerce, 2011). This will automatically down the level of the profits in the organization and the productivity level also. Generally, it has been seen that the black people are not treated with respect in many countries as the other people are treated. The behavior of the company towards the employees should strictly prohibited by the management laws. The aircraft companies should not need to do the discrimination on the basis of the place, caste, religion, age, and color. This type of discrimination in the organization should be eradicated from the companies for the smooth running of the business. The major discrimination that was doing in the organizations is the gender discrimination. The males and females in the aircraft company should be treated equally with more respect and dignity(Cornell University, 2011). This is a very common concept that the women are considered to be lower than the men and it is also assumed that the females are very bad at doing the own business. However, with the passage of time the women are working more efficiently and effectively in the organizations as compared to the males. While doing the comparison between the two people, results into the negative impact. The people working in the organization should also be clear about their roles and responsibilities and perform well for the successof the organization. These are the major problems which need to be eliminated as soon as possisible from the organization. Not only in Australia, but also from all over the world that discrimination should be eliminated as it has a very negative impact on the society. Apart of this, the discrimination also leads to the issues in the recruitment processes of the Aircraft companies and lowers down the success rate because of the dissatisfaction of the employees in the company. T o rise in the economy, it is very important to remove these problems from the society.(Winograd Mallett, 2008). International performance management Performance management means managing the performance of the employees. Every individual in the organization is required to be judged on the basis of performance and according to their performance the monetary or non-monetary awards should be given to the employees to motivate them and to build a long term relation with the employees.The no name aircraft company should also distribute the profits of the company among the workers for the successful working of the employees. The bonus is also distributed by many companies on the basis of the year, half year or quarterly depending upon the type of company. Performance management stands for the process with the help of which companies make sure that their employees are working properly towards the organizational goals and measure their performance(Boeing Frontiers, 2009). The employee appraisal is very important in every sector if their performance in the company is extraordinary. In this case study, the author categorized the performanc e management process into 3 parts such as planning, supporting and reviewing performance in aircraft company. Figure 1 Performance management process In the first phase of the process all the effects and consequences are considered to set the objectives at organizational as well as individual level in the quality care of the aircrafts. Secondly, all the employees need motivation to perform well in the aircraft company and they need some suggestions at this stage. The behavior of the employees needs to be correct to meet the expectations. Talking about the last stage by the author is the most important stage as it involves the effects review and feedback. The performance review ends with the evaluation of the previous effects of the performances of the employees in caring the quality of the aircrafts(Management, 1997). Looking forward to the future and to improve the management of aircraft services and it is very important to take care of all the factors that are associated with the customers. In this case study, author also state some of the improvements that are needed for the No name aircraft companyin coming years. Firstof all, it is very important to communicate with the customers and line managers to get some suggestions and make changes in the policies according to the customer requirement. Performance indicator like unnecessary medication, medication error, unnecessary diagnostic tests can lead to quality management of the aircraft companies because they help in finding out where the Aircraft system is doing unfair things and things that are not required by the customers. By making sure that no such unfair things are done or followed we can ensure quality management to customers who look forward to Aircraft companies. Only by keeping a check on these can we assure quality management on beha lf of the Aircraft company. Training and Development The training and development is necessary for the employees as in the case study, it is analyzed that No name company is very poor in workforce planning and giving training to the employees shifting to China and Vietnam organizations for the work in the company. The training to the employees of the organization involves the guidance and the procedure to work in the organization and focus on how to increase the profits of the No Name. The training is not for the particular age group, this is for all the employees working in No name company either old age or younger one. From the case study, it is clear that the older employees are not able to handle the new techniques as Aircraft company has taken a new image and cabin crew needs to be very proficient in technical as well professional things(Noe, 2011). In Last, Training of employees helps to give better results. The career plans of the employees in the company should be clear to them so that they will survive in the companies for the longer period of time. The career development is very important for the employees working in the Australian Aircraft company.The training o the employees helps them to enhance their knowledge as well as skills. The expert person should be hired for the training purposes and it is the duty of the expert professionals to clear all the doubts of the employees. As it is clear from the case study that there are many employees who shifted to work in China and Vietnam , so their training is must perform well in the other countries(Nfila, 2005). Recommendations In the above report, its clear that the aircraft company should take some remedial steps as the company is not doing well in the management and planning of the organizations. The growth of the company depends on the proper planning and its management. The company should take care of the needs and the expectations of the employees from the company. Some of the suggestions and recommendations after the analysis of the case study for the No Name aircraft company is as below- The company should build a strong organizational structure to improve the communication between the line managers and its employees(Marquis, 2012). It is suggested that the company should focus on the performances of the employees and offer them rewards as per the performance. It is also recommended for the NoName aircraft company to build a strong environment for offering the training and development procedures to overcome the shortcoming of the employees The unfair practices if found in the organization, then the line managers should take a hard step to eliminate these things. The comparison of the actual results and the anticipated results should be done to identify the level of the performance of the employees and then the monetary or non monetary rewards should be offer to them accordingly. Diversity at workplace needs full attention of the organization and the company should eliminate the discrimination by creating some rules and regulations for all the employees and treat every individual in the organization equally. Conclusion It is concluded from the above that the No name aircraft company is facing many issues related to the Human resource management, performance management and the diversity management at the organization. The company should need to improve all the management policies as well as workforce planning to perform well and to deliver the best quality to the customers. The safety in the aircraft companies is the major issue and the safety of the customers as well as for the employees is must.In this report, all the theories and the concepts of the human resource management are discussed in this report. The line managers in the Aircraft are the one who is accountable to manage the team and should manage all the tasks and programs in the company. The managers are the one who will be responsible for all the planning activities to handle the situations. This can be done by doing surveys and analyzing the results by comparing the actual results with the forecasted results. The managers should apply the strategies and implement some plans to remove the problems from the workplace and to get better results. The training is must to adapt the people coming from different places. References Boeing Frontiers, 2009. 20 tips to boost your performance, Available at: https://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2009/may/mainfeature.pdf Cornell University, 2011. Diversity imperative: Linda Roundtree, Roundtree Consulting LLC., Available at: https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/research_sites/agingandwork/pdf/publications/case_AgeDiversity.pdf European Union, 2014. Overview of Diversity Management, Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/justice/discrimination/files/diversity_report2014_en.pdf Green, K., Lpez, M. Wysocki, A., 2002. Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools, Available at: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/HR/HR02200.pdf Management, U. S. O. o. P., 1997. Improving customer service through effective performance management, Available at: https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/performance-management/reference-materials/historical/customer_service.pdf Marquis, P., 2012. Aviation safety letter, Available at: https://www.tc.gc.ca/media/documents/ca-publications/TP185E_4_2012.pdf Nationals specification in Aviation Operations, 2012. Human Resources in the Aviation Industry, Available at: https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/BTEC-Nationals/Aviation-Operations/2010/Specification/U12-HRAI.pdf Nfila, C., 2005. Training Needs Analysis For Bachibanga Company in Botswana, Available at: https://www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2005/2005nfilac.pdf Noe, R., 2011. Employee Training and Development, Available at: https://serverlib.moe.gov.ir/documents/10157/42675/Employee+Training+and+Development.pdf Patton, J., 2015. Human Resource Management (HRM) in the Aviation Industry. The Journal of Global Business Management, April, 11(1), pp. 1-12. US Department of Commerce, 2011. Best practices in achieving workforce diversity, Available at: https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/workforce-diversity.pdf Winograd, M. Mallett, R., 2008. Best practices in achieving workforce diversity, Available at: https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/workforce-diversity.pdf Yangon, 2016. HR excellence In strategy, innovation, leadership and culture in delivering sustainable airports: PAS, Available at: https://www.aci-asiapac.aero/upload/service/8/self/HRER201604_Yangon.pdf

Cognitive and Behavioral Theories

Introduction Psychology is the science of the nature the function, and phenomena of behavior and mental experience. (Colman, 1999, p.4).The word is derived from the Greek words â€Å"psyche† and â€Å"logia† to mean â€Å"breath or soul or spirit† and the study of something respectively. Cognitive psychology refers to the branch of psychology that examines internal processes of the mind.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive and Behavioral Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory started in the 1970’s. Behaviorism was popularized in 1913 by John Watson, the father of behaviorism. It is based on the concept that behavior is acquired by training or learning to respond to stimuli. Behavioral theorists and cognitive theorists have always been in conflict. For instance, behavioral theorists understood depression because of a high rate of punishers and a low rate of reinforces in the client’s environment while cognitive theorists understood depression as the influence of negative, illogical, or self-destructive beliefs (Coady Lehman, 2008, p.25). Recently there has been a move towards a merger of the two theories in what is known as the cognitive-behavioral theory. From the study of both theories, psychologists discovered two types of behavior, Observable actions (overt behavior) and internal mental behavior (Covert behavior).This paper seeks to discuss and intensively analyze both the cognitive and behavioral theories and expound on their application and expansion. Cognitive Theory The cognitive theory is a psychological theory that studies the internal state of the mind and explains human behavior by studying the thinking process. It is based on the idea that we are like a computer when processing information and have an input, storage and retrieval functions (Brown, 2007, p. 6). Its core focus is therefore acquisition, processing, and storage of information. The key figures of the cognitive theory are memory, perception, attention, language, intelligence, and problem solving. It deals with the processes in absence of response to external stimuli and even explores abstract aspects such as dreams and hallucinations. Whereas behaviorism concentrates on external behaviors, the cognitive theory concentrates on the internal working of the mind. There has been a variety of works and experiments concerning the cognitive theory. The theory has been applied to experiment and determine the extent of normal cognition in studies related to neuropsychology to investigate whether cognition is normal or abnormal. In addition, it has been used to indicate the time or location at which a particular brain activity occurred in the study of neuro-images.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The cognitive theory has been expanded from time to time. The schema therapy has expanded it to reflect the origin of disoriented thinking in childhood and a combination of emotional and experimental methods to correct flaws in personality. The dialectical mechanism has expanded it to explain emotional irregularities and self-destroying tendencies among people suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder. Various tests have resulted from the cognitive theory. These include personality tests, tests to determine intelligence levels, lie-detecting tests, and tests to determine the nature and extent of risk-taking in entrepreneurial ventures. Behavioral Theory The behavioral theory on the other hand is founded on the concept that acquisition of behavior is through constant training or conditioning which is brought about by interaction with external factors of the environment. According to John Watson, the primary subject matter of behaviorism was the element of behavior, which is the body’s muscular movements and gl andular secretions (Schultz. Schultz, E. 2010, p. 222). The major concepts of the behavioral theory are classical conditioning and operational conditioning. Classical conditioning is attributed to Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist who conducted experiments using dogs. He studied the reflex response to external stimuli in the environment. After becoming conditioned to a certain stimulus, the organism responds automatically to it. Additionally, operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner. It is based on the principle of punishment and reinforcement. According to him, use of punishment discourages prohibited behavior while use of rewards promotes and increases the acceptable behavior. Positive reinforces such as rewards, promote response to a behavior while negative reinforces such as sanctions, prevent occurrence of unwanted behavior. Focus of work related to the behavioral theory is to be found in application of behaviorism in therapy to heal both physical and psychological wounds. It is also applied in psychoanalysis and in the study of phobias. The behavioral theory has undergone rapid expansion. In education, it is used to observe learning trends by observing the behavior of the child, the parent, and the teacher as well as its impact on the child’s performance. In economics, it has been used to study market expansion by studying the behavior of firms and in ecology to study response of organisms to stimuli.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive and Behavioral Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are many tests formulated and developed based on the behavioral theory. It is applied in measuring the anxiety level by studying The Behavioral inhibition system. Together with the cognitive theory, it is used in personality tests and is the thinking behind addiction and drug-abuse tests. There is move towards combining both theories since they work togeth er and none works in isolation of the other. They have also been expanded along the same lines and are used together in therapy to heal depression. Reference List Brown, C. (2007). Cognitive psychology. London: SAGE Publications. Coady, N., Lehmann, P. (2008). Theoretical perspectives for direct social work  practice: A generalist-eclectic approach. New York: Springer. Colman, A. (1999). What is Psychology, 3rd Ed.London: Routledge Schultz, P., Schultz, S. (2012). A history of modern psychology. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth. This research paper on Cognitive and Behavioral Theories was written and submitted by user Ayaan Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Facts about Christchurch, New Zealand

10 Facts about Christchurch, New Zealand Christchurch is one of the largest cities in New Zealand and it is the largest city located on the countrys South Island.  Christchurch was named by the Canterbury Association in 1848 and it was officially established on July 31, 1856, making it the oldest city in New Zealand. The official Maori name for the city is Otautahi.Christchurch has recently been in the news due to a large magnitude 6.3 earthquake that hit the region on the afternoon of February 22, 2011. The massive earthquake killed at least 65 people (according to early CNN reports) and trapped hundreds more in rubble. Phone lines were knocked out and buildings all over the city were destroyed - some of which were historic. In addition, many of Christchurchs roads were damaged in the earthquake and several areas of the city were flooded after water mains broke.This was the second large earthquake to hit New Zealands South Island in recent months. On September 4, 2010 a magnitude 7.0 earthquake hit 30 miles (45 km) west of Christchurch and damaged sewers, broke water and gas lines. Despite the earthquakes size however, there were no fatalities reported. 10 Geographic Facts About Christchurch It is believed that the Christchurch area was first settled in 1250 by tribes hunting the now-extinct moa, a large flightless bird that was endemic to New Zealand. In the 16th century, the Waitaha tribe migrated to the area from the North Island and began a period of war. Shortly thereafter however, the Waitaha were driven out of the area by the Ngati Mamoe tribe. The Ngati Mamoe were then taken over by the Ngai Tahu who controlled the region until Europeans arrived.In early 1840, whaling Europeans arrived and established whaling stations in what is now Christchurch. In 1848, the Canterbury Association was founded to form a colony in the region and in 1850 pilgrims began to arrive. These Canterbury Pilgrims has goals of building a new city around a cathedral and college like Christ Church, Oxford in England. As a result, the city was given the name Christchurch on March 27, 1848.On July 31, 1856, Christchurch became the first official city in New Zealand and it quickly grew as more E uropean settlers arrived. In addition, New Zealands first public railway was constructed in 1863 to make moving heavy goods from Ferrymead (today a suburb of Christchurch) to Christchurch quicker. Today the economy of Christchurch is based largely on agriculture from the rural areas surrounding the city. The largest agricultural products of the region are wheat and barley as well as wool and meat processing. In addition, wine is a growing industry in the region.Tourism is also a large part of Christchurchs economy. There are a number of ski resorts and national parks in the nearby Southern Alps. Christchurch is also historically known as a gateway to Antarctica as it has a long history of being a departure point for Antarctic exploration expeditions. For example, both Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton departed from the port of Lyttelton in Christchurch and according to Wikipedia.org, the Christchurch International Airport is a base for the New Zealand, Italian and United States Antarctic exploration programs.Some of Christchurchs other major tourist attractions include several wildlife parks and reserves, art galleries and museums, the International Antarctic Centre an d the historic Christ Church Cathedral (which was damaged in the February 2011 earthquake). Christchurch is located in New Zealands Canterbury region on its South Island. The city has coastlines along the Pacific Ocean and the estuaries of the Avon and Heathcote Rivers. The city has an urban population of 390,300 (June 2010 estimate) and covers an area of 550 square miles (1,426 sq km).Christchurch is a highly planned city that is based on a central city square that has four different city squares surrounding the central one. In addition, there is a parklands area in the center of the city and this is where the historic Cathedral Square, home of the Christ Church Cathedral, is located.The city of Christchurch is also geographically unique because it is one of the worlds eight pairs of cities that have a near-exact antipodal city (a city on the exact opposite side of the earth). A Coruà ±a, Spain is Christchurchs antipode.The climate of Christchurch is dry and temperate that is highly influenced by the Pacific Ocean. Winters are often cold and summers are mild. The average January high temperature in Christchurch is 72.5ËšF (22.5ËšC), while the July average is 52ËšF (11ËšC).To learn more about Christchurch, visit the citys official tourism website.SourceCNN Wire Staff. (22 February 2011). New Zealand City in Ruins After Quake Kills 65. CNN World. Retrieved from: cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/02/22/new.zealand.earthquake/index.html?hptC1Wikipedia.org. (22 February). Christchurch - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch

Research Methdologies and Emerging Technologies Assignment

Research Methdologies and Emerging Technologies - Assignment Example The products and services provided by Google are spread all over and are in use by the common internet users. The project idea is termed as a wearable computing innovation by Google Inc. The product is also termed as Head Mounted Display (H.M.D). The new buzz word that has people stunned is the Google glasses. Only this year Google Inc launched the project in the name of â€Å"Project Glass† that is based on a state of the art facilitated concept in the field of virtualization. It is another step towards the already fast growing concept of virtualization. With cloud computing and virtual networks dominating the field of science and technology, the virtual glasses concept will further enhance the field of upcoming technology. People have seen the ordinary 3D glasses and other similar products but Google is focusing on bringing about total new dimensions in this field. The project is aimed at going commercial and officially public as soon as the current year and is expected to c apture large market of customers who use gadgets and other digital equipment in their daily life to a larger extent. This product is a venture of Google X laboratories which is responsible for number of other similar innovative products. The purpose of this laboratory is to come up with such innovative products and benefit the company through its competitive advantage attribute (PatentBolt, 2012). While some term this product as an aliens like instrument and others call them Star Trek sort of glasses, but these glasses are a reality and are just a few months or at most an year away from the public domain. Massive research and development input has been invested into this project and the pioneers behind the Google map and mapping applications have contributed towards this product through their ideas and expertise. One of the person who is at forefront of entire concept is Steve Lee. The product is created in a very crafty manner and instead of covering the whole face, a slim thin lin e runs through the forehead like a thin copper wire with a small screen attached to one side of the forehead . Through the use of voice instructions, the person using the device can perform number of built in instructions namely photo shoot, geological location determination, and various other features. Other features that are supposedly chained to this product include 3G and 4G connection support, though no official word has been heard from the company itself, instead the insiders who are working on this project and have been part of the pilot tests conducted time to time keep coming with information about its specifications(Bilton, 2012). While the early model is said to have a low resolution camera, it won’t go without a consideration that later models will have further enhanced digital capabilities. A small feature that is being explained for the novice states that anyone who desires to take a picture of something that is in front of them ,would not need to bring out the mobile phones, or other digital photography associated gadget, rather through these glasses, they can capture the scene since it is built in with a camera. These glasses might look odd in the beginning but the real end users who are wearing it will have the real taste of this gadget and will be fully absorbed in the digital world. The main theme behind the entire project is to reduce the dependency on the windows based application that

GCC Common Currency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GCC Common Currency - Essay Example a unified economic system having a unified currency will do much to stabilize this situation for them and the oil importing market (Al-Jasser & Al-Hamidy 116). The requisites for establishing a unified currency area necessitates the free movement of national goods, labour and capital across borders within the area, greatly enhancing trade among the member countries. Full customs union, a precursor to trade liberalization, is expected to increase inter-GCC trade to 20% in 2015 and 25% in 2020 (Kawach). CON: There presently exists a great disparity in the size of the economy of Saudi Arabia as compared to the other member countries, so there should be a more careful and gradual integration of movements of resources so as not to cause destabilization among the smaller economies. Furthermore, the customs union began in 2005 is not yet fully implemented with many reservations still in place at present. Also, boosting regional trade requires diversifying away from oil, which still accounts for 90 percent of export revenues (Hancock). PRO: The integration of the individual economies should be carefully managed so that the valuation of assets would not be unduly distorted. Measures have been initiated to interlink the countries’ stock markets in order to accommodate cross listing and trading of equities and other securities. The common currency also eliminates foreign exchange risk within the GCC area, because the need to convert from one currency to another would have been eliminated. CON: In the process of unification, financial assets which are denominated in national currencies should not suffer in valuation in the new currency. Financial asset valuation depends to an extent on the future return on investment in comparison with inflation, nominal interest rates, and foreign exchange rates (Al-Jasser & Al-Hamidy 116). The efforts to unify the customs and markets operations that began in 2003 to 2005 are still to be completed (Mohamed & Irandoust

Study of the haitian american ethnic group

Study of the haitian american ethnic group Ignorance is not knowing or being aware of something, when one is ill informed one tends to create assumptions and attitudes towards people and things one does not know or understand. My general assumptions about the Haitian community were that they think of women as inferior, they live together in great numbers and they keep to their own race. The overall opinions I had formed were based on experiences with my co-workers. Through my research for this assignment on ethnic groups not only have I been proven wrong about my assumptions, but I have learned a great deal about the Haitian culture. Becoming more educated and compassionate about the Haitian culture will make me a better teacher because of the vast Haitian population in the state of Florida. How did Haitians become part of American society? How well are Haitians integrated today? How did this voluntary group come to the U.S.? How equitably have Haitians been treated during their tenure in the U.S.? What is the current status (socioeconomic, political, educational, social) of Haitians in the U.S. today? What difficulties have Haitians faced and why? How did Haitians attempt to overcome any difficulties faced? To what degree do Haitians feel a connection to people from a similar background in other parts of the world? Why? Where do Haitian Americans stand in terms of receiving equal educational opportunities at the elementary, secondary and tertiary levels? How can educational equity be achieved for Haitian Americans, what needs to be done? How did Haitians become part of American society? During the 1790s, Haiti was the most affluent of the French colonies. It was then that the black populace of the island revolted against slavery and there was a panicked exodus (everydayculture.com). Thousands of whites, free blacks, and slaves fled to American seaports, culminating in large French-speaking communities in New Orleans, Norfolk, Baltimore, New York City, and Boston (everydayculture.com). Immigrants from Haiti who arrived in the United States during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were determined to survive in their new land (everydayculture.com). There have been a total of four large migration waves of Haitians coming into the United (Catanese 1998, p19). In the period prior and up to 1970 about 30,084 Haitians came to the U.S. In the period of the 1970 to 1980 about 59,965 Haitians came to the U.S. From 1980 to 1986 93,691 people from the island immigrated to this country and in 1987 through 1990 24,796 Haitians came to the U.S. (Catanese 1998, p19). The peopl e who have voluntarily come from the country of Haiti to the US have done so for years because of its political troubles and unstable economy (Catanese 1998, p19). The instability of the government made it hard for the economy as well as the people to achieve their greatest potential. The overwhelming majority of the Haitian people go to New York and Florida. About 70% of the Haitian community resides in these two regions (Catanese 1998, p19). The close proximity of Florida to the Republic of Haiti makes it an ideal place for them to settle. The great numbers of Haitians in Florida have made for a thriving Haitian community in the area. How well are Haitians integrated today? In the past the color of their skin and language problems made it increasingly more difficult for them to assimilate into the dominant culture (Vilme, H., Butler, W., 2004). First generation Haitian adolescent high school students identify themselves as Haitian, and manifest pride in their heritage Vilme, H., Butler, W., 2004). As of 2010 many of the second generation Haitians are integrated into our community. It is very apparent here in the state of Florida how many Haitians are making their mark. One great example is that of, Major Joseph Bernadel, who is one of two founders of the Toussaint Louverture High School for Arts and Social Justice. He is the first Haitian to open up a school not only in Florida but in the US. Presently there are four Haitians in the state legislator and soon there will be a Haitian American in congress. One of these is Phillip J. Brutus, a state representative to the Florida legislature. Brutus is the first Haitian-American elected to the Florida statehouse; he represents the 108th district in Miami (npr.org.). As Haitians continue to become a great part of our educational system and play in even greater role in government they will continue to strongly integrate themselves within the community. How did this voluntary group come to the U.S.? Haitian immigration to the United States can be viewed in terms of specific waves, each being associated with repressive conditions in Haiti (Catanese 1998, p19; Vilme, H., Butler, W., 2004). The first wave began in 1957 following Francois Papa Doc Duvaliers rise to power (Catanese 1998, p19; Vilme, H., Butler, W., 2004). These immigrants were members of the well-educated political and economic elite, planning to return to Haiti after the ouster of Duvalier (Stepick, 1998; Vilme, H., Butler, W., 2004). The second wave of immigrants, who came during the late 1960s through the early 1980s, was skilled laborers from the Haitian middle class (Stepick, 1998; Vilme, H., Butler, W., 2004). The next wave of immigrants became known as the Haitian boat people, who were mostly lower class laborers (Vilme, H., Butler, W., 2004) How equitably have Haitians been treated during their tenure in the U.S.? Equity in education for Haitian students is improving more as the number of Haitian students in our schools increases. All schools offer ESOL programs for the students who come from Haiti but not all schools have Haitian speaking instructors that would ease their transition into the curriculum. A grave misconception is that Haitian students can speak and communicate in French, although Creole is derived from French it is a combination of this as well as other languages and dialects of the Taino and African culture. Recent studies show that these students face a multitude of problems other than the language barrier (Buxton, C., Lee, O., Mahotiere, M, 2007). Those problems are their little education or lack thereof in Haiti (Buxton, C., Lee, O., Mahotiere, M, 2007). This creates several problems for these students when faced with the challenge of not only learning a new language but also with trying to keep up with grade level academic standards and goals. In one study based on Haiti an teachers, parents and Haitian students that attended schools both in Haiti and the US; it was found that for the most part, as it refers to language that these students were inclined to learn multiple languages, they have an eagerness to become multicultural, as well as build strong ties and participate within the community (Buxton, C., Lee, O., Mahotiere, M, 2007). A stronger community is a great asset for those that are already settled and even more so for those who intent to settle here in the future. What is the current status (socioeconomic, political, educational, and social) of Haitians in the U.S. today? Like most immigrants in the United States, Haitians are busy in the pursuit of the American dream (everydayculture.com). Almost every Haitian American wishes to buy a home as a matter of status and security; this is implied in the saying, Se vagabon ki loue kay, which means, Respectable people dont rent(everydayculture.com). However, behind the facade of pride and achievement, there is a litany of social problems-battered women, homeless families, and economic exploitation (everydayculture.com). The problems that face Haitian immigrants are enormous and complex (everydayculture.com).The majority of people in the Haitian community do jobs such as housekeepers, cooks, drivers, janitors and such related fields of work. Most recently migrations have brought many middle class citizens to the US from Haiti (Catanese 1998, p19). As people from a more diverse socioeconomic status come over from Haiti it creates a more diverse group within the community. These teachers, entrepreneurs, doctors and other people of such professions are working towards playing greater roles within the Haitian community. What difficulties have Haitians faced and why? One greater problem faced by the US government as it relates to the Haitian communities is its possible undercount because of what our definition is of a household. Not having an accurate count limits the governments abilities to provide necessary assistance to the members of the Haitian community. The sharing of several homes is common place within the new immigrant communities, these structures are customs brought over from Haiti (Portes, A., Rumbaut, R. G. 2001). It is common to have extended family living under one roof and having many people in the community share common areas (Buxton, C., Lee, O., Mahotiere, M, 2007). As more services become available it will further improve educational and social settings for the Haitian community so that they can play a greater role within their community. How are Haitians attempting to overcome any difficulties faced? The way for any society to overcome their difficulties and become more prominent within their society is through education. As more Haitian Americans become bigger voices within education, politics and their community they will continue to overcome the difficulties they face. Michel S. Laguerre, an anthropologist in the Department of Afro-American Studies, University of California at Berkeley, has researched many aspects of Haitian American life and has published numerous books and articles (http://www.everyculture.com). Tekle Mariam Woldemikael, a sociologist in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Whittier College in Whittier, California, has written several studies concerning Haitian Americans (http://www.everyculture.com). Carole M. Berotte Joseph, who was born in Port-au-Prince and came to the U.S. in 1957, is the Assistant Dean and Director of the Office of Student Services at the City College School of Education in New York City where she is an authority on bilingua l and foreign language teaching; she is a founder of the International Alliance for Haiti, Inc (http://www.everyculture.com). Michaelle Vincent, the District Supervisor Bilingual and Foreign Language Skills of the Dade County (Florida) Public Schools, is a consultant on Haitian culture and the Creole language, developing and implementing seminars on Haitian culture; she also hosted a daily radio show in Haitian Creole on WLRN in Miami (http://www.everyculture.com). To what degree do Haitians feel a connection to people from a similar background in other parts of the world? Why? In many races it is somewhat common to feel that you share some sort of culture and language with another group of people. For example, the Cuban and Puerto Rican people share many things between them such as food, language, and even similar flags. This is not so for the Haitian community. The language of Creole spoken in their country is not shared by any other and while all Caribbean foods are similar none are the same. Haitians face an identity dilemma in the United States; although they are different in national origin, they are almost physically indistinguishable from other black Americans (http://www.everyculture.com). They cannot easily merge with the rest of the black population because of their language and culture; Haitian Americans perceive differences between themselves and other blacks (http://www.everyculture.com). Most seek a middle ground between being merged with the rest of the black population and complete isolation. Haitian language and culture are preserved at ho me, which makes it possible for Haitian immigrants to separate themselves from the Afro-American culture around them (http://www.everyculture.com). They adapt to the dominant American culture while retaining their distinctive lifestyle at home (http://www.everyculture.com). The people of Haiti feel no real connection towards any other group. While the Dominican Republic is its next door neighbor to Haiti, these two countries have had strife for centuries making it impossible for the two groups two find a common ground. Overall, my research suggests that the Haitian people feel no connection with any other group. Where do Haitian Americans stand in terms of receiving equal educational opportunities at the elementary, secondary and tertiary levels? Due to the high population of Haitians here in Florida the school system continues to make efforts to improve the educational quality for these people. Implementing Haitian history within the curriculum also helps Haitian American students feel more integrated in the educational system (http://www.palmbeach.k12.fl.us). Presently most programs offered are for Hispanic students because of their great numbers as it relates to the school system. Other than ESOL I did not find any other programs for the Haitian American students. In Miami Dade county there is the Toussaint Louverture Elementary, named so in under of the leader of their greatest revolution. In Boynton Beach there is the Toussaint Louverture School for the Arts and Social Justice, this High school meets the needs of Haitian immigrants and Haitian American students the curriculum is taught in both Creole and English. How can educational equity be achieved for Haitian Americans, what needs to be done? As of right now educational equity has not been met, but as we step into the future more Haitian Americans are becoming teachers and advocates for better opportunities for the Haitian American community. The presence of more Haitian American teachers will improve the quality as well as the educational opportunities for the future generations within the Haitian community. For there to be an improvement for this group we as teachers, not matter what the race, should encourage higher education and emphasize how being educated not only opens doors for one self but also for those who may follow in our footsteps. Conclusion Learning about this ethnic group has opened my eyes and cleared up my misconceptions. I have learned that for the most part we are not doing all we could to improve education for Haitians. I have also learned that what I might think as strange is merely part of the culture. As educators in Florida we must help all students to reach their full potential no matter what cultural differences we may share. Being more knowledgeable on Haitian Americans will make me a better teacher especially because of the vast number of Haitian American students in the Florida school system. In the future I will try to clear up any misconceptions I might have about a group by doing some simple research. Annotated Bibliography Academic Journals Buxton, C., Lee, O., Mahotiere, M. (2007). The Role of Language in Academic and Social Transition of Haitian Children and Their Parents to Urban U.S. Schools. Bilingual Research Journal, 31(1/2), 47-74. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from Education Full Text database. This article talks about the social structure of the Haitian family, their culture and their transition into the American educational system. Catanese, A V  (Sept-Oct 1998).  Haitian Americans.  Ã‚  Migration World Magazine,  26,  5.  p.19 (5).  Retrieved April 9, 2010, from Education Full Text database. This article gives the demographic profile of Haitian Americans. It gives specific data about the migrations of Haitian to the U.S. as well as family, education, and economic information etc. Portes, A., Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from Education Full Text database. This article discusses the disadvantages suffered by Haitian immigrants and their familys migrant workers. Vilme, H., Butler, W. (2004). The Ethnic Identity of First Generation Haitian High School Students in Miami, Florida. The Negro Educational Review, 55(2/3), 137-42. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from Education Full Text database. This article talks about the experiences and educational opportunities of forts generation Haitian students in Miami. Books Stepick, A. (1998). Pride and Prejudice Haitians in the United States. Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. This book is about Haitian immigrants struggles, cultural identity, school, and politics within America society. Internet Department of Multicultural Education, Palm Beach County: Charlemagne Baptiste and Bito David. (May 2004). Haitian Americans. In Haitian/Haitian American Curriculum Teacher/Student ResourcesK-12. Retrieved April 2010, from http://www.palmbeach.k12.fl.us/Multicultural/curriculum/Haiti/HaitianStudiesResources.pdf. Lisa Simeone. (Dec 2000). Haitian -American Legislator. In NPR news. Retrieved April 2010, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1114870. Felix Eme Unaeze and Richard E. Perrin. (2010). Haitian Americans. In Everyday Culture. Retrieved April 2010, from http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Du-Ha/Haitian-Americans.html.

Philosophy of Teaching Statement :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Philosophy of Teaching Statement I believe that the key to a good education begins with the teacher. The first impression that a teacher leaves on a student will be carried with them throughout their entire education, therefore as a teacher we should be careful with giving negative feedback. Small children take everything to heart and believe every thing they hear. It is important that we praise them often. Let every child know that they have the potential to do and be anything they want to do. Working as a substitute teacher’s aide all over the county has allowed me to observe the nature of students that come from a wide variety of backgrounds. A child that comes from a more advantaged lifestyle does not necessarily mean that, that child will excel in school. Sometimes the child that comes form the poorest conditions is the hardest worker. Children who excel in Math may find themselves bored in an English class. I have seen students that are completely lazy, that refuse to accept any challenge. On the other hand, I have observed students who just appear lazy, that are really intelligent but cannot seem to get a grasp on learning. Then again there are students who are so intelligent that they excel in everything. Some students seem to have so much rage inside of them, that it difficult for them to concentrate and learn. While others are calm, absorbing everything that is being taught. I feel that all students can learn it is just a matter of finding a way of teaching that is interesting to them but will still hold the attention of the others in the classroom. The overall purpose of education is to guide students in the direction of future leadership. To ensure that they will be able to be role models for the next generation. If a teacher shows a child that learning is fun, then hopefully these children will see the importance in learning, and maybe grow up to want to teach also. To allow students to be the best at whatever they choose to be. I feel that being able to read and write is what the world is based on. If you cannot read, you are denied the simplest pleasures in life. Like reading road signs, to gain information about the direction that you traveling or reading recipes to prepare a meal.

Economic Crisis and Response in the Philippines Essay

The Global Economic Crisis pulled countries down from around the globe to a recession. Wide-ranging declines in many aspects of growth characterize the overall impact it had had on the global scale. Following the Asian economic crisis in 1997, the present global economic crisis imposes new challenges to the Philippines as a developing country. Following are expositions of the macroeconomic impacts of the crisis in the Philippine setting, its implications in the prevalent poverty scenario, and policies and programs undertaken by the government in response to the crisis. Overview of the Global Economic Crisis The 2008 global economic crisis started upon the bursting of the US housing bubble, which was followed by bankruptcies, bailouts, foreclosures, and takeovers of financial institutions and national governments. During a period of housing and credit booms, banks encouraged lending to home owners by a considerably high amount without appropriate level of transparency and financial supervision. As interest rates rose in mid-2007, housing prices dropped extensively, and all institutions that borrowed and invested found themselves suffering significant losses. Financial institutions, insurance companies, and investment houses declared either declared bankruptcies or had to be rescued financially. Economies worldwide slowed during this period and entered to a recession. The crisis, initially financial in nature, has now taken a full-blown economic and global scale affecting every country to the left and to the right of the United States, and wreaking havoc in the level of both industrialize d and developing nations. The Philippine Situation before the Crisis The Philippines has long been undermined with long-term structural problems such that sustainable economic development is yet to be a dream come true. According to the pages of Philippine economic history, the country has been dominated by a sequence of growth spurts, brief and mediocre, followed by shard to very-sharp, severe, and extended downturns—a cycle that came to be known as the boom-bust cycle. As such, economic growth record of the country has been disappointing in comparison with its East Asian counterparts in terms of per capita GDP. What makes matters worse is the seemingly perennial  impoverished state of its inhabitants, that is, in 2007, an absolute poverty incidence of 13.2 percent—higher than Indonesia’s 7.7 and Vietnam’s 8.4 percent—has been recorded, and thus giving further testimony of the unequal distribution of wealth that keeps growth and development a far reach for the Philippines. Macroeconomic Impacts of the Crisis The Philippines, points Professor Diokno of the University of the Philippines, has been affected by the crisis in a decline in three aspects: exports, remittances from overseas Filipino workers, and foreign direct investments. Heavily dependent on electronic and semiconductor exports, the Philippines has seen a downward trend in its export earnings as countries in demand of these exports are now in recession. The recession has also put to risk the jobs in the developed countries which include those where migrant workers are employed. Consequently, OFW remittances decreased and grew a meagre 3.3% in October 2008. Foreign direct investments (FDI) lowered because of investors losing confidence in the financial market. Lower FDIs mean slower economic growth. Impacts of Asset Markets, Financial Sector, and Real Sector The freeze in liquidity in US and European financial markets reversed capital flows to developing countries and induced a rise in the price of risk which entailed a drop in equity prices andexchange rate volatility. However, following the effects of an increase in the foreign currency government bond spread, the Philippine stock market was actually one of the least affected by the crisis with the main index of the stock market dropping only by 24 percent, a relatively low percentage change in comparison to those of other countries across Asia. Similarly, from the period between July 2008 and January 2009, the peso devaluated only by 3 percent which explains why the peso was one of the currencies least affected by the crisis. This minimal effect on the stock market and the Philippine peso can be attributed to the recovery of asset prices across the Asia-Pacific region recovered in early 2009 as foreign portfolio investments surged. Financially, the banking system in the Philippines has been relatively stable, because of reforms that were put in place since Asian financial crisis in 1997. Maintenance of high levels of loan to deposit ratios together with the decline of the ratio  of nonperforming loans to total loans kept profitability of local banking generally high despite the crisis. To the country’s fortune, no meltdowns occurred as during the previous 1997 Asian crisis. Fall in the growth rate of personal consumption and expenditures and fixed investment assail 2008. Personal consumption expenditure, the largest contributor to GDP growth, behaved a downward trend from a sharp drop from 5.8 percent in 2007 to 4.7 percent in 2008, and 3.7 percent in 2009. GDP growth during fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 fell to 1.7 percent, a staggering fall from 5.7 percent average for the three previous years. Furthermore, a contraction of 29.2 percent in the manufacturing sector involving electricity, gas, water, trade and finance services. The service sector also had its share of downturns as growth in the fourth quarter and first quarters of 2008 and 2009, respectively, suffered from a meagre growth of 2.1 percent, a far contrast from the 6.7 percent average from the last three years. However, the Philippines has generally endured the least declines in comparison with other East Asian countries despite recorded declines. For instance, OFW remittances, though at a slower pace, still grew in the first half of 2009. Impact of fiscal deficit and external accounts To counter adverse effects of the crisis, the Philippine government felt the need to increase its expenditures. Apart from government expenditure, of primary concern was the weak revenues generated by the government with fiscal deficit reaching P111.8 billion in the first quarter of 2009 as compared to P25.8 billion in the same period of the previous year. Despite suffering the least in terms of the stock exchange and financial markets among East Asian countries, the Philippines lagged in tax effort in comparison to other nations. Meanwhile, private sector flows in the external account declined and led to a net outflow of $708 million in 2009, a sharp turning away from a net inflow of $507 million in 2008. This eventually led to a fall in stock prices and depreciation or devaluation of the peso. Poverty and Social Impacts Impacts on households and communitiesAn increasing number of the Filipino workforce has become frustrated due to unemployment and low standards of living in the country. Thousands of Filipinos leave the country every day to  seize better income opportunities and promise their children a better and secure future. Moreover, around five million of Filipino children are unable to go to school and are forced to work on the streets or in other various workplaces where they can find some food or other means to fill their appetites. Impacts on wealth and income and its distribution across different social divisions The country was having sound economic indicators before the 2008 economic crisis. Average income per capita was increasing while poverty incidence showed a downward trend. Average income per capita rose by 2% in 2007 and 2008, whereas poverty incidence dropped from 33.0% in 2006 to 31.8% in 2007 and 28.1% in 2008. Output growth plunged in 2009, causing real mean income to fall b y 2.1%, resulting in an upward pressure on poverty incidence (grew by 1.6%). Most hit are households with associations to industry resulting in the average income to drop to levels below that of 2007. Similarly, wage and salary workers were hit significantly. Surprisingly, the poorest 20% did not suffer the same fate they suffered in crises past. Clearly, the global economic crisis put a halt on the highly promising growth trend of the Philippine economy and forced 2 million Filipinos into poverty. Coping strategies i. Finances According to recent studies (2009), close to 22% of the population reduced their spending, 11% used their existing savings for consumption, 5% pawned assets, 2% sold assets, 36% borrowed money and 5% defaulted on debts. ii. Education To reduce spending, households had to risk the quality of education of their children. Some children were transferred from private to public schools, while some were withdrawn from school. Moreover, parents reduced the allowance of the students, and resorted to secondhand uniforms, shoes and books. iii. Health Coping strategies may have negative effects on their long-term health as these affected households commonly resort to self-medication, or shift to seeing doctors in government health centers and hospital. Many households in the urban sector shifted to generic drugs while rural households tended to use herbal medicines. Policy Responses Efforts of poverty alleviation, reduction, eradication The Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) was implemented during  the Ramos Administration and later on continued by the following administrations to help reduce poverty in the country and improve on the economic welfare of the Filipinos. The Ramos Administration (1993–1998) targeted to reduce poverty from 39.2% in 1991 to about 30% by 1998. The Estrada Administration (1999–2004) then targeted to reduce poverty incidence from 32% in 1997 to 25-28% by 2004, while the Arroyo government targeted to reduce poverty to 17% by creating 10 million jobs but this promise was not fulfilled by the administration. As for the current Aquino Administration, the 2011-2016 MTDPD is still being drafted. President Benigno Aquino III has plans to expand the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program from 1 to 2.3 million households, and several long term investments in education and healthcare. Also, last September 2010, Aquino met with US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, duri ng the signing of the $434-million Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) grant in New York. The MCC grant would fund infrastructure and rural development programs in the Philippines to reduce poverty and spur economic growth. Macroeconomic and Social Protection programs To respond to the recent financial crisis, the Philippine government, through the Department of Finance and National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), crafted a PhP 330-billion fiscal package, formally known as the Economic Resiliency Plan (ERP). The ERP is geared towards the stimulation of the economy through tax cuts, increased government spending, and public-private sector projects that can also prepare the country for the eventual upturn of the global economy. The implementation of ERP is spearheaded by NEDA with the following specific aims.To ensure sustainable growth, attaining the higher end of the growth rates; To save and create as many jobs as possible; To protect the most vulnerable sectors: the poorest of the poor, returning OFWs, and workers in export industries; To ensure low and stable prices to supports consumer spending; and To enhance competitiveness in preparation for the global rebound. Regional responses Poverty incidence remains to be one of the highest in the region with the  continued low domestic private investment. To overcome legal, political and institutional constraints, regional financial cooperation must be encouraged. The ASEAN+3 financial cooperation can promote further the development of domestic financial markets to facilitate the intermediation of Asian savings within the region, as well as attract foreign investment. Such alternative sources of funding would reduce Asia’s reliance on foreign currency borrowing and along with, the risk exposure of the region to maturity and currency mismatches.Moreover, the Network of East Asian Think Tanks has recently proposed the establishment of the Asia Investment Infrastructure Fund (AIIF) to prioritize the funding of infrastructure projects in the region to support suffering industries. The AIIF, as well as multilateral institutions especially the Asian Development Bank, also promotes greater domestic demand and intra-r egional trade to offset the decline in exports to industrialized countries and narrow the development gap in the region. Prospects for Growth in the Future Poverty reduction for the Philippines in the years to come is promising, bearing in mind where she left off prior to the economic crisis. Nevertheless, it is still a tough challenge. Figures persistently reflect a Philippine poverty reduction campaign that pales in comparison with other ASEAN countries. In addition, a blistering population growth rate sinks more Filipinos below thepoverty threshold placing the country’s laudable long term economic growth under its shadow. Taking into account that the Philippine economy has a significant reliance on remittances from Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs), past threats demonstrated the resiliency of the Philippine economy despite external shocks. In spite of the disaster in Japan (3rd largest market for Philippine exports) and the geopolitical tensions in West Asia, the Philippine economy looked unfazed. New York-based Global Source Partners stated, â€Å"The Philippine economy has already proven to be quite resilient in the face of varied external shocks in the past, especially bolstered by a strong external position and capable monetary management. This time should not be much different.† The new administration of President Benigno â€Å"Noynoy† Aquino III faces three key constraints on Philippine growth: Tight fiscal situation due to weak revenue generation Poor infrastructure (i.e. transportation, power, etc.) Pessimism in investment resulting from corruption and political instability Fortunately, the government offers various projects to loosen these restrictions. Data from the quarterly ING Investor Dashboard Survey showed stability in investor confidence for the Philippine economy over the first two quarters of 2010. She even scored a 157 in the third quarter of the same year. This is well on the higher percentiles of the â€Å"optimistic† range and a mere 3 points from the â€Å"very optimistic† level. These figures emerge in the midst of decrepit infrastructure and a lack of efficient institutions. Subsequently, the prospect of the Philippine economy improving into the â€Å"very optimistic† range is very bright. Presidential spokesman Edwin Lacierda declared that the Philippine economic competitiveness score improved from 56.526 the previous year to 63.291 in 2011 (based on The World Competitiveness Yearbook). Lacierda also boasts of infrastructure improvement pr ojects of the Department of Public Works and Highways scheduled to commence within one or two years. He attributes the stepping up of our competitiveness rating to the public-private partnership (PPP) projects next year. These projects raise optimism for the post-crisis economy of the Philippines ————————————————- Fiscal policy of the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fiscal policy refers to the â€Å"measures employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocations of taxes and government expenditures. Fiscal measures are frequently used in tandem with monetary policy to achieve certain goals.†[1] In the Philippines, this is characterized by continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits, though there have been improvements in the last few years.[2] The Philippine government’s main source of revenue are taxes, with some non-tax revenue also being collected. To finance fiscal deficit and debt, the Philippines relies on both domestic and external sources. Fiscal policy during the Marcos administration was primarily focused on indirect tax collection and on government spending on ecnomic services and infrastructure development. The first Aquino administration inherited a  large fiscal deficit from the previous administration, but managed to reduce fiscal imbalance and improve tax collection through the introduction of the 1986 Tax Reform Program and the value added tax. The Ramos administration experienced budget surpluses due to substantial gains from the massive sale of government assets and strong foreign investment in its early years. However, the implementation of the 1997 Comprehensive Tax Reform Program and the onset of the Asian financial crisis resulted to a deteriorating fiscal position in the succeeding years and administrations. The Estrada administration faced a large fiscal deficit due to the decrease in tax effort and the repayment of the Ramos administration’s debt to contractors and suppliers. During the Arroy o administration, the Expanded Value Added Tax Law was enacted, national debt-to-GDP ratio peaked, and underspending on public infrastructure and other capital expenditures was observed. Contents [hide] * 1 Revenues and Funding * 1.1 Tax Revenue * 1.1.1 Income Taxes * 1.1.2 E-VAT * 1.1.3 Tariffs and Duties * 1.2 Non-Tax Revenue * 1.2.1 The Bureau of Treasury * 1.2.2 Privatization * 1.2.3 PAGCOR * 2 Spending, Debt, and Financing * 2.1 Government Spending and Fiscal Imbalance * 2.2 Financing and Debt * 3 History of Philippine Fiscal Policy * 3.1 Marcos Administration (1981-1985) * 3.2 Aquino Administration (1986-1992) * 3.3 Ramos Administration (1993-1998) * 3.4 Estrada Administration (1999-2000) * 3.5 Arroyo Administration (2002-2009) * 4 References * 5 External links ————————————————- Revenues and Funding[edit source | editbeta] A comparative graph of Revenue and Tax Effort from 2001-2010[3] A comparative graph of Tax and Non-Tax Revenue contribution from 2001-2010[4] The Philippine government generates revenues mainly through personal and income tax collection, but a small portion of non-tax revenue is also collected through fees and licenses, privatization proceeds and income from other government operations and state-owned enterprises. Tax Revenue[edit source | editbeta] Tax collections comprise the biggest percentage of revenue collected. Its biggest contributor is theBureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), followed by the Bureau of Customs (BOC). Tax effort as a percentage of GDP has averaged at roughly 13% for the years 2001-2010.[5] Income Taxes[edit source | editbeta] Income tax is a tax on a person’s income, wages, profits arising from property, practice of profession, conduct of trade or business or any stipulated in the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997 (NIRC), less any deductions granted.[6] Income tax in the Philippines is a progressive tax, as people with higher incomes pay more than people with lower incomes. Personal income tax rates vary as such:[7] Annual Taxable Income| Income Tax Rate| Less than â‚ ±10,000| 5%| Over â‚ ±10,000 but not over â‚ ±30,000| â‚ ±500 + 10% of the excess over â‚ ±10,000| Over â‚ ±30,000 but not over â‚ ±70,000| â‚ ±2,500 + 15% of the excess over â‚ ±30,000| Over â‚ ±70,000 but not over â‚ ±140,000| â‚ ±8,500 + 20% of the excess over â‚ ±70,000| Over â‚ ±140,000 but not over â‚ ±250,000| â‚ ±22,500 + 25% of the excess over â‚ ±140,000| Over â‚ ±250,000 but not over â‚ ±500,000| â‚ ±50,000 + 30% of the excess over â‚ ±250,000| Over â‚ ±500,000| â‚ ±125,000 + 32% of the excess over â‚ ±500,000| The top rate was 35% until 1997, 34% in 1998, 33% in 1999, and 32% since 2000.[7][8] In 2008, Republic Act No. 9504 (passed by  then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo) exempted minimum wage earners from paying income taxes.[9] E-VAT[edit source | editbeta] The Expanded Value Added Tax (E-VAT), is a form of sales tax that is imposed on the sale of goods and services and on the import of goods into the Philippines. It is a consumption tax (those who consume more are taxed more) and an indirect tax, which can be passed on to the buyer. The current E-VAT rate is 12% of transactions. Some items which are subject to E-VAT include petroleum, natural gases, indigenous fuels, coals, medical services, legal services, electricity, non-basic commodities, clothing, non-food agricultural products, domestic travel by air and sea.[10] The E-VAT has exemptions which include basic commodities and socially sensitive products. Exemptible from the E-VAT are:[11] 1. Agricultural and marine products in their original state (e.g. vegetables, meat, fish, fruits, eggs and rice), including those which have undergone preservation processes (e.g. freezing, drying, salting, broiling, roasting, smoking or stripping); 2. Educational services rendered by both public a nd private educational institutions; 3. Books, newspapers and magazines; 4. Lease of residential houses not exceeding â‚ ±10,000 monthly; 5. Sale of low-cost house and lot not exceeding â‚ ±2.5 million 6. Sales of persons and establishments earning not more than â‚ ±1.5 million annually. Tariffs and Duties[edit source | editbeta] Second to the BIR in terms of revenue collection, the Bureau of Customs (BOC) imposes tariffs and duties on all items imported into the Philippines. According to Executive Order 206, returning residents, Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s) and former Filipino citizens are exempted from paying duties and tariffs.[12] Non-Tax Revenue[edit source | editbeta] Non-tax revenue makes up a small percentage of total government revenue (roughly less than 20%), and consists of collections of fees and licenses, privatization proceeds and income from other state enterprises.[13] The Bureau of Treasury[edit source | editbeta] The Bureau of Treasury (BTr) manages the finances of the government, by attempting to maximize revenue collected and minimize spending. The bulk of non-tax revenues comes from the BTr’s income. Under Executive Order No.449, the BTr collects revenue by issuing, servicing and redeeming government securities, and by controlling the Securities Stabilization Fund (which increases the liquidity and stabilizes the value of government securities[14]) through the purchase and sale of government bills and bonds.[15] Privatization[edit source | editbeta] Privatization in the Philippines occurred in three waves: The first wave in 1986-1987, the second during 1990 and the third stage, which is presently taking place.[16] The government’s Privatization Program is handled by the inter-agency Privatization Council and the Privatization and Management Office, a sub-branch of the Department of Finance.[17] PAGCOR[edit source | editbeta] The Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) is a government-owned corporation established in 1977 to stop illegal casino operations. PAGCOR is mandated to regulate and license gambling (particularly in casinos), generate revenues for the Philippine government through its own casinos and promote tourism in the country.[18] ————————————————- Spending, Debt, and Financing[edit source | editbeta] A comparative graph of National Revenues and Expenditures from 2001-2010[5] A comparative graph of Domestic and External Sources of Financing from 2001-2010[5] A comparative graph of Total National Debt from 2001-2010[19] Government Spending and Fiscal Imbalance[edit source | editbeta] In 2010, the Philippine Government spent a total of â‚ ±1.5 trillion and earned a total of â‚ ±1.2 trillion from tax and non-tax revenues, thus resulting to a total deficit of â‚ ±314.5 billion.[5] Despite the national deficit of the  Philippines, the Department of Finance reported an average of â‚ ±29.6 billion in Local Government Unit (LGU) surplus, which is mostly due to an improved LGU financial monitoring system which the government implemented in the recent years. Efforts of the monitoring system include â€Å"debt monitoring and creditworthiness monitoring system, effective mobilization of second generation funds (SGF) to promote LGU development, and the implementation of a Land Administration and Management Project (LAMP2) which received a ‘very good’ rating from the World Bank (WB) and Australian Agency for International D evelopment (AusAid).†[20] Microfinance management in the Philippines is improving substantially. In 2009, the Economist Intelligence Unit â€Å"recognized the Philippines as the best in the world in terms of its microfinance regulatory framework.† The DOF-National Credit Council (DOF-NCC) focused on improving the state of local cooperatives by developing a supervision and examination manual, launching advocacies for these cooperatives, and pushing for the Philippine Cooperative Code of 2008. A standardized national strategy for microinsurance and the provisions of grants and technical assistance were formulated.[20] Financing and Debt[edit source | editbeta] Aside from Tax and Non-Tax Revenues, the government makes use of other sources of financing to support its expenses. In 2010, the government borrowed a total net of â‚ ±351.646 billion for financing:[21] | Domestic Sources| External Sources| Gross Financing| â‚ ±489.844 billion| â‚ ±257.357 billion| Less: Repayments/Amortization| â‚ ±271.246 billion| â‚ ±124.309 billion| Net Financing| â‚ ±218.598 billion| â‚ ±133.048 billion| Total Financing| | â‚ ±351.646 billion| External Sources of Financing are:[21] 1. Program and Project Loans – the government offers project loans to external bodies and uses the proceeds to fund domestic projects like infrastructure, agriculture, and other government projects.[20] 2. Credit Facility Loans 3. Zero-coupon Treasury Bills 4. Global Bonds 5. Foreign Currencies Domestic Sources of Financing are[21] 1. Treasury Bonds 2. Facility loans 3. Treasury Bills 4. Bond Exchanges 5. Promissory Notes 6. Term Deposits In 2010, the total outstanding debt of the Philippines reached â‚ ±4.718 trillion: â‚ ±2.718 trillion from outstanding domestic sources and â‚ ±2 trillion from foreign sources. According to the Department of Finance, the country has recently reduced dependency on external sources to minimize the risks caused by changes in the global exchange rates. Efforts to reduce national debt include increasing tax efforts and decreasing government spending. The Philippine government has also entered talks with other economic entities, like the ASEAN Finance Ministers Meeting (AFMM), ASEAN+3 Finance Ministers Meeting (AFMM+3), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and ASEAN Single-Window Technical Working Group (ASW-TWG), in order to strengthen the countries’ and the region’s debt management efforts*.[20] ————————————————- History of Philippine Fiscal Policy[edit source | editbeta] Marcos Administration (1981-1985)[edit source | editbeta] The tax system under the Marcos administration was generally regressive as it was heavily dependent on indirect taxes. Indirect taxes and international trade taxes accounted for about 35% of total tax revenue, while direct taxes only accounted for 25%. Government expenditure for economic services peaked during this period, focusing mainly on infrastructure development, with about 33% of the budget spent on capital outlays. In response to the higher global interest rates and to the depreciation of the peso, the government became increasingly reliant on domestic financing to finance fiscal deficit. The government also started liberalizing tariff policy during this period by enacting the initial Tariff Reform Program, which narrowed the tariff structure from a range of 100%-0% to 50%-10%, and the Import Liberalization Program, which aimed at reducing or eliminating tariffs and realigning indirect taxes.[22][23][24] Aquino Administration (1986-1992)[edit source | editbeta] Faced with problems inherited from the previous administration, the most important of which being the large fiscal deficit heightened by the low tax effort due to a weak tax system, Aquinoenacted the 1986 Tax Reform Program (TRP). The aim of the TRP was to â€Å"simplify the tax system, make revenues more responsive to economic activity, promote horizontal equity and promote growth by correcting existing taxes that impaired business incentives†. One of the major reforms enacted under the program was the introduction of the Value Added Tax (VAT), which was set at 10%. The 1986 tax reform program resulted in reduced fiscal imbalance and higher tax effort in the succeeding years, peaking in 1997, before the enactment of the 1997 Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP). The share of non-tax revenues during this period soared due to the sale of sequestered assets of President Marcos and his cronies (totalling to about â‚ ±20 billion), the initial efforts to deregulate the oil industry and thrust towards the privatization of state enterprises. Public debt servicing and interest payments as a percent of the budget peaked during this period as government focused on making up for the debt incurred by the Marcos administration. Another important reform enacted during the Aquino administration was the passage of the 1991 Local Government Code which enabled fiscal decentralization. This increased the taxing and spending powers to local governments in effect increasing local government resources.[22][24] Ramos Administration (1993-1998)[edit source | editbeta] The Ramos administration had budget surpluses for four of its six years in power. The government benefited from the massive sale of government assets (totalling to about â‚ ±70 billion, the biggest among the administrations) and continued to benefit from the 1986 TRP. The administration invested heavily on the power sector as the country was beset by power outages. The government utilized its emergency powers to fast-track the construction of power projects and established contracts with independent power plants. This period also experienced a real estate boom and strong foreign direct  investment to the country during the early years of the administration, in effect overvaluing the peso. However, with the onset of the Asian financial crisis, the peso depreciated by almost 40%. The Ramos administration relied heavily on external borrowing to finance its fiscal deficit but quickly switched to domestic dependence on the onset of the Asian financial crisis. The administration has b een accused of resorting to â€Å"budget trickery† during the crisis: balancing assets through the sales of assets, building up accounts payable and delaying payment of government premium to social security holders. In 1997, the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP) was enacted. Republic Act (RA) 8184 and RA 8240, which were implemented under the program, were estimated to yield additional taxes of around â‚ ±7.4 billion; however, a decline in tax effort during the succeeding periods was observed after the CTRP was implemented. This was attributed to the unfavorable economic climate created by the Asian fiscal crisis and the poor implementation of the provisions of the reform. A sharp decrease in international trade tax contribution to GDP was also observed as a consequence of the trade liberalization and globalization efforts in the 1990s, more prominently, the establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) and membership to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The Ramos administration also provided additional incentives to export-oriented firms, the most prominent among these being RA 7227 which was instrumental to the success of the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.[22][23] Estrada Administration (1999-2000)[edit source | editbeta] President Estrada, who assumed office at the height of the Asian financial crisis, faced a large fiscal deficit, which was mainly attributed to the sharp deterioration in the tax effort (as a result of the 1997 CTRP: increased tax incentives, narrowing of VAT base and lowering of tariff walls) and higher interest payments given the sharp depreciation of the peso during the crisis . The administration also had to pay P60 billion worth of accounts payables left unpaid by the Ramos administration to contractors and suppliers. Public spending focused on social services, with spending on basic education reaching its peak. To finance the fiscal deficit, Estrada created a balance between domestic and foreign borrowing.[22][23] Arroyo Administration (2002-2009)[edit source | editbeta] The Arroyo administration’s poor fiscal position was attributed to weakening tax effort (still resulting from the 1997 CTRP) and rising debt servicing costs (due to peso depreciation). Large fiscal deficits and heavy losses for monitored government corporations were observed during this period. National debt-to-GDP ratio reached an all-time high during the Arroyo administration, averaging at 69.2%. Investment in public infrastructure (at only 1.9% of GDP), expenditure for economic services, health spending and education spending all hit an historic-low during the Arroyo administration. The government responded to its poor fiscal position by under-spending in public infrastructure and social overhead capital (education and health care), thus sacrificing the economy’s long-term growth. In 2005, RA 9337 was enacted, the most significant amendments of which were the removal of electricity and petroleum VAT exemptions and the increase in the VAT rate from 10% to 12%